The Manipulation of Prospero Essay example -- Tempest

The Manipulation of Prospero "Manipulation" means "to influence or manage shrewdly or deviously; to tamper with or falsify for personal gain." In William Shakespeare’s play, The Tempest, we meet an interesting, mysterious Prospero, a magician and the true Duke of Milan now living on a deserted island with his daughter Miranda. Prospero has the power to manipulate his own daughter and does this because he wants to protect her from danger. Prospero has an interesting relationship with his daughter. Prospero talks and Miranda listens unwillingly. She does not pay attention and Prospero always seems to inform her. "Dost Thou attend me?" (1.2. 77). Prospero exploits Miranda in any way that he can. First of all, for 12 years Prospero forgets to mention to Miranda that she is a princess: Thy father was the Duke of Milan and A prince of power. (1.2. 54) For 12 years Prospero manipulated Miranda by not telling Miranda her true identity. He left her with unanswered questions that bothered her for all those years. Prospero also upsets her with the tempest that he caus...

Aristotle and Aurelius Essay

Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics goes to show that he believes that the end goal of all human actions is eudaimonia, or happiness through success and fulfillment. Following this concept Aristotle goes on to explain that through virtuosity a human being can lead a happy life. He defines virtue as a disposition to make the correct decisions that lead to the chief good of happiness. A perfect example is when he describes someone who does an action well as being good, but they are only considered good because of their distinctive activity. The distinctive activity for human beings can be considered our rationale. This is where virtue comes into play in the matter, but this translation could also be deciphered as excellence. Human beings do every single thing they do for a reason and that reason is to help towards an end goal. Although it may seem like the end goal might be something good like eating lunch, it is actually a chain to the ultimate good which is being happy. Happiness in Aristotle’s view is not second-by-second or even minute-by-minute but an entire lifetime. This is because we view happiness as and end goal which we hope to achieve by death and that way you can look back on a person’s life to see if they succeeded in their goal, through virtuous moral character and virtuous intellectual character and through the act of temperance. A life-time of that act can guarantee a happy, fulfilling, and successful life. Being virtuous come through two different ways in our actions as said by Aristotle, â€Å"Excellence being of two sorts, then, the one intellectual and the other of character, the intellectual sort mostly both comes into existence and increases as a result of teaching whereas excellence of character results from habituation†¦ † (Nicomachean Ethics, 1103a15). Intellectual virtue comes from teaching, experience, and time while character virtue is formed through the habit of repeated virtuous actions and constant practice. This allows for every human being to potentially have a virtuous moral character for the fact that it cannot be learned but only practiced, and not one person can be born already virtuous. The only problem with this concept is that there is no exact guideline in which to follow in order to become virtuous and, ultimately, happy. Basically Aristotle explains that you can find virtue in the middle ground of your actions, for xample, he says â€Å"For to arrive at one of the two extremes is more erroneous, to arrive at the other less; so, since it is hard to hit upon intermediate with extreme accuracy, one should take to the oars and sail that way, as they say, grasping what is least bad of what is available†¦ † (Nicomachean Ethics, 1109a35) There is no teaching as to why, for example, courage is preferred over cowardice or rashness but that you need to practice being courageous in order to understand the reasoning for being courageous. This is true for all virtuous traits and merits of the human character and by combining the moral and intellectual teachings and habits can you start on the path of a virtuous disposition. The key to virtue is keeping within a balance between the vices. For an excessive vice there is excessive pleasure but also excessive pain and for the opposite there is no pleasure and no pain. The key is in a state of temperance in order to feel the correct amount of pleasure for a healthy lifestyle and choices. Aristotle’s views show that someone with a virtuous disposition should automatically or naturally choose the best action or behavior in any circumstances without having to rely on reason because the virtuous habit has been already learned. In response to someone arguing against an accidental choice, these views only perceive the deliberate and voluntary choices made by the person of virtue. Also a virtuous moral character will always aim for the good while unjust character will try to aim for what is their perception or the â€Å"apparent† good as said in â€Å"That wish is for the end, we have already said; but to some it seems to be for the good, whereas to others it seems to be for the apparent good. The consequence, for those who say that the object of wish is the good, is that what the person making an incorrect choice wishes for is not wished for.. † (Nicomachean Ethics, 1113a10). A virtuous person will always do the right thing and will never be surprised by their actions, nor will they do it the right thing with an ulterior motive. Though you cannot live a happy life just with a virtuous disposition because you still need to act within accordance to virtue, you absolutely cannot live a happy life without virtue. Having virtue in your actions will lead to the final goal of happiness because it far outweighs the happiness found in pleasure, awards or merits. II. Marcus Aurelius was a philosopher-king and emperor of the Roman Empire and was considered of of the most influential Stoic philosophers of all time. His greatest work Meditations is an honest portrayal of Aurelius’ thoughts as they were found in journal form, never meant to be publicized. He wrote these books for himself as a sort of guideline and thought-provoking inner voice. In his works of Meditations, Marcus Aurelius doesn’t use arguments as a way to get his point across but rather states his words as truths and seems to be very confident in his uses. It seems he is prying at the meaning of life, the why’s and how’s of it all on the idea of living. He is very blunt in his use of understating the human existence in the world and compares them to specks in the grand scheme, but the point of this is to provide a sort of carpe diem lifestyle. By letting yourself let go of the things you cannot control, you begin to gain a better understanding of the things you can control and act accordingly. â€Å"We were born to work together like feet, hands and eyes, like two rows of teeth, upper and lower. To obstruct each other is unnatural. To feel anger at someone, to turn your back on him: these are obstructions. † (Meditations, 17). This quote goes to show how you cannot allow yourself to get angry at another person for what they have done, but to continue your existence and recognize what you need to do. He advises in his writings â€Å"To shrug it all off and wipe it clean-every annoyance and distraction-and reach utter stillness. † (Meditations, 54) and once you can do that you can realize what is natural. Stoicism being a very popular philosophy in ancient Rome for it called for a â€Å"cosmic determinism† in relation to â€Å"human freedom† by a parallel will to that of Nature . Aurelius,himself, was a firm believer in the Logos, which can be identified as a principle a guiding force for the universe, human beings and all matter. In fact, it is one of the most important concepts in Stoicism for the ancient Romans of the time. The stark and â€Å"manly† belief that every single citizen had a duty, whether they were a king or a peasant, were expected to follow it to the best of their abilities. The term utter stillness is used to acknowledge the state of no distractions. By achieving this you can focus solely on appropriate actions and how to follow your own road by the way of Nature on an unconscious level. Not by thinking about it but by acting naturally should you continue to help others, work for yourself, never stopping but continuing to reply to Nature’s demands. To do this all under the Logos, in order to find our common sense and avoid the annoying distractions all the while by controlling these actions through your inner unconscious/conscious self. III. The Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Roman philosopher-king Marcus Aurelius can be compared and contrasted in their similar and different ways of thoughts. First you can compare Aristotle’s ideas on eudaimonia and Aurelius’ use of utter stillness to help follow the logos, also the final step of death as the end of one’s journey towards a life of fulfillment. Contrastingly, they have different outlooks on purpose of human life and how to lead to the fulfilling of that said life. Stoicism was developed within the framework of Greek theory and philosophies from Plato and Aristotle so obviously there are bound to be many similarities. Both of these men were truly brilliant and ground-breaking in their respective ways of thought and led centuries of intellectuals to search for more fulfillment and happiness’s in their lives. Some big differences between Aristotle and Aurelius were there views on mortality or death. While Aristotle concludes that our lives are given to us and as valuable as human beings want to make them, the Stoics view on life is that is shaped by death and that the thoughts, choices and actions are just based on the knowledge of death. Eudaimonia is a subject in which Aristotle and Aurelius were familiar with in their writings about philosophical life. Aristotle thought of eudaimonia as an activity done with virtue performed rationally and consciously. Aurelius and the other Stoics insist that the way for eudaimonia is to live a morally virtuous life, in regards to the fact that virtue is good, vices are bad and most everything else is neutral. A popular argument for this where a death in the family would be involved, according to Aristotle, that would rob the most virtuous person of their eudaimonia while the Stoics would consider that neutral. Another interesting fact about Aristotle is how he acknowledges how â€Å"dumb luck† can aid or block the journey for eudaimonia, for example being born beautiful or losing close friends and family. Basically, they agree that eudaimonia is self-sufficient; the chief goal in life and that eudaimonia is the most complete end result. Virtue is very important to both philosophers and their ways of thinking and considers it absolutely crucial for eudaimonia. Aristotle and Aurelius can agree that no one is born just virtuous as it must be an act learned. Virtue is believed to be how one can control their emotions for it helps them to stay stable and in moderation. Overall, living life virtuously is living a life full of dignity. Marcus Aurelius’s view is a much more justified view because it is more modern and more adaptable. As the stoicism wants people to better themselves within reasonable goals and change values into something that will bring upon an unconscious change so that they may make better decisions consciously. Aristotle instead relies too much on a proper upbringing and calls the loss of good and friends as a prevention of eudaimonia. Stoics learn to realize what is out of their control and move on to what they can control. Aristotelian views also say that if a person dies early that it is a tragedy and that they were taken away before they reached their prime which in the Stoics eyes, a virtuous person should never be afraid of death because their life is sufficient when living a virtuous life. The difference continues when viewing the topic of emotions for Aristotelian that emotions are not good nor bad, only bad when expressed inappropriately while the Stoics think the whole point of eudaimonia is to be free from emotion. Finally the stoics don’t see a difference between the rich, poor, slaves or free men, because in their views bodily and external things can no impact on their dignity, whereas Aristotle believes that a life based on virtues along with enough material and external goods like freedom, wellbeing, and close friends lead to a life of dignity. Overall, Aurelius and the Stoics have built upon and modified Aristotle’s view to be more realistic and to try and be more optimistic in leading the best possible life no matter the circumstances.

The Grand Tour Is A Rite Of Passage Or Coming Of Age...

In 1837 Messers, Basevi, Blore, Burton, Cockerell and Smirke called upon Barry to enter the competition to design the Reform Club, although he had some reservations about designing a similar Italianate style building, but of a larger calibre adjacent with the Traveller’s Club, his earlier design, he entered regardless. The judges almost without opposition chose his design for the club. However, over the years it has been noted that the Reform Club’s exterior faà §ade bears a distinct, some might deem an almost identical resemblance to the Palazzo Farnese, which Barry had studied closely during his time in Rome during his Grand Tour. The Grand Tour is a rite of passage or coming of age tradition was introduced for well off young men in the eighteenth century. A typical trip was about three to four years moving from various cities all over Europe and usually included an immersive temporary stay in Rome, Italy. Rome during this time was considered the ultimate destination for people seeking different forms of culture, art, and architecture. During his time in Rome Barry was deeply inspired by Italian Renaissance architecture, this was evident in some of his designs. Most noteworthy, the two most influential clubs in London, The Traveller s Club (1830), the first work in the style of an Italian Renaissance palazzo to be built in London, and the Reform Club (1838) which features the same style but on a grander scale. It is also worth noting that this is not the first timeShow MoreRelatedMasculinity in the Philippines12625 Words   |  51 Pagescopies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at philstudies@admu.edu.ph. http://www.philippinestudies.net Fri June 27 13:30:20 2008 Philippine Commonwealth and Cult of Masculinity Alfred W. McCoy In the imperial age, the military shaped society to suit its peculiar needs. 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Essay on Toni Morrisons Beloved - Misuse of Language

The Misuse of Language in Beloved nbsp; In Toni Morrisons Beloved many negative methods of communication used by the white people are effectively hijacked by the black people. nbsp;The black people create a completely new message and a positive form of communication. These forms of communication, in turn, empower the oppressed black people, providing channels for the expression of ideas, thoughts, and memories. nbsp; Such was the case in the American culture of the mid 1800s as depicted in Beloved because of the gap in the social status and power of black versus white Americans. The language of the whites was not able to effectively communicate the thoughts of all and was used many times as a method of coercion. Largely, I am†¦show more content†¦He separates black people from other human beings, likening them to some sort of combination of human and animal species. Put her human characteristics on the right, her animal ones on the left. This entire ideology, comparing certain kinds of human beings with animals, devalues the people of the minority to lesser beings. It essentially dehumanizes them. No doubt, plays a large role in the later scene when the boys take Sethes milk, as if she were a cow. nbsp; This all culminates to show the true ineffectiveness and abuse of the standard forms of communication. In fact, on page 175 when Paul D is considering what made them men at Sweet Home he says they could even learn reading if they wanted to--but they didnt want to since nothing important to them could be put down on paper. In other words, the things which were really important to them, possibly emotions such as love and pain, abuse and oppression, could not be articulated through mere words. The idea of the unimportance of traditional forms of communication is illustrated again on page 53. Paul D explains that when black people met on the road they remained silent, except for social courtesies. He said they neither described nor asked about the sorrow that drove them from one place to another. The whites didnt bear speaking on. Everybody knew. In other

Letter From Birmingham Jail And Nonviolent Protests Essay

â€Å"Letter from Birmingham jail† and Nonviolent Protests In Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham jail†, King talks about his imprisonment for his involvement in a nonviolent protest and defends his rights and moral grounds for organizing nonviolent protest activities. In this essay, I will look at his views on nonviolent protest and how they differ from todays violent protests. To understand King’s views on nonviolent protest, I will start by summarizing some of the main points in his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham jail†. In spite of the fact that the Letter† is verifiably worried with justice all through, King likewise addresses the question specifically at a few focuses. In actuality, he places that justice maintains the poise of the human soul, while injustice conflicts with it. By talking about this idea by and large, he builds up criteria by which to obscurely assault both segregation and silence it. He at last suggests that the man who sees injustice and does nothing to stop it is actin g unjustly also. Taking after this thought, he contends that laws must be permeated with an ethical sense so as to be just; as such, law and morality can not be viewed as independent interests or areas. The best way to really enact change and help humankind rise above its confinements is to act with as well as grasp â€Å"extremism†. According to Mott, â€Å"That this action had been termed â€Å"extreme† King admits â€Å"initially disappointed† him.† But King decides that if loyalty to good principlesShow MoreRelatedLetter From Birmingham Jail Essay. â€Å"Letter From Birmingham1148 Words   |  5 PagesLetter from Birmingham Jail Essay â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., is still remembered today as one of the greatest letters ever written. This letter was penned on April 16, 1963 by Dr. King, as a response to the clergymen who opposed his nonviolent campaigns in Birmingham, Alabama. The clergymen had recently wrote â€Å"A Call for Unity† to express their opinions on what was going on in the town. They did not approve of how Dr. King was handling the situation in BirminghamRead MoreNonviolent Protests: An argumentative essay1411 Words   |  6 Pages From the Boston Tea Party of 1773, the Civil Rights Movement and the Pro-Life Movement of the 1960s, to the Tea Party Movement and Occupy Wall Street Movement of current times, â€Å"those struggling against unjust laws have engaged in acts of deliberate, open disobedience to government power to uphold higher principles regarding human rights and social justice† (DeForrest, 1998, p. 653) through nonviolent protests. Perhaps the most well-known of the non-violent protests are those associated with theRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1132 Words   |  5 PagesLuther King Jr. wrote â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† April 16, 1963, while he was in the Birmingham City Jail in Birmingham, Alabama, the world King lived was different form today. A world where blacks and whites where segregated from everything around them. The people of color were treated unequally. The laws during the time was unjustified. The treatment towards the people of color were brutal and very different than the world today. When King wrote the letter, he was in the jail cell because he wasRead Moreï » ¿An Analysis of Letter from a Birmingham Jail1204 Words   |  5 PagesLetter from Birmingham Jail was written by Martin Luther King Jr. As he states in the title, in a Birmingham, Alabama jail. Martin Luther King Jr. was jailed because he participated on a nonviolent protest of segregation in public places such as lunch counters and public restrooms. During his jail time, Martin Luther King Jr. read a criticism about a protest made by a group of white ministers, accusing King of being an outsider, of using extreme measures that incite hatred and violence, that hisRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail812 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican American’s rights using nonviolent resistance; however, during a protest in Birmingham, Alabama, Dr. King was thrown into jail. While in his jail cell, Dr. King wrote a letter to clergymen from the Birmingham jail claiming his stance on peaceful confrontation on defending African American’s human rights. In his letter, Dr. King uses rhetorical devices to strengthen his argument in his letter to the clergymen. In Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Dr. King uses biblical allusionsRead MoreLetter From The Birmingham County Jail844 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Letter from the Birmingham County Jail† Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Rights Movement was a time in which African Americans were setting out to end segregation, specifically in the south. During this time period, African Americans were treated unequally from the white people. African Americans were unable to eat in the same restaurants, shop in the same stores, or even drink out of the same drinking fountain. Dr. King had a vision that one dayRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr s The Civil Rights Movement Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesAs Dr. Martin Luther King Jr sit in a jail cell writing a letter to clergymen, there is civil unrest in the nation. In 1963, the Civil Rights Movement is well underway. 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While jailed, King read a criticism of the protest by a group of white ministers, who felt such demonstrations â€Å"directed and in part led by outsiders† were â€Å"unwise and untimely†Read MoreSociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail1214 Words   |  5 Pagesof Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail Abstract The paper analyses Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† from a sociological point of view and shows how three major theories (structural functionalism, social conflict, and symbolic interactionism) are treated in the letter. The paper shows different appreciation of King’s ideas and works by his contemporaries and modern people. It also explores the concepts of â€Å"nonviolent direct action† and â€Å"natural law†Read MoreBirmingham Jail Functional Theory1638 Words   |  7 PagesKing Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail (1965) is important from both historical and sociological points of view. It is an example of self-sacrifice as in idea for the of equality of all people. Formally, King addresses this letter that he wrote while in Birmingham jail at the clergymen who opposed his protests. In fact, he applies it to everyone who approves of racism, and considers the methods of nonviolent struggle to be too radical an d far fetched from achieving an actual goal. From a sociological

Sales Ethics free essay sample

Individual Assignment : Sales Ethics is an Oxymoron It is often disputed amongst business enthusiasts whether ‘sales ethics is an oxymoron? ’ A few decades ago, understanding and fostering ethical decision-making in the business world wasn’t as complicated as it is today. It is argued that although individual factors play a significant role in the ethical practice of day-to-day business, ultimately it is up to management and the top-level hierarchy of a firm that ultimately sets the standards when it comes to trading ethically. This paper discusses why sales ethics is not an oxymoron and why management is the key source of guidance for ethical behavior within an organization. The presence of business scandals has increasingly become the focus of the media that draws our attention to the ethical policies and the practice of leaders of our corporate world. Scandals such as ENRON and MCI are just a few of the business demonstrating lack of ethical codes and guidelines at the top of many organizations. The Economist stated in 2007 that out of 165 business, over 65 sales executives were under investigation for violation of ethical behavior in the U. S alone (Mulki, Jaramillo and Locander, 2008, 125). Sales people are the main function of a business that are continuously under pressure to produce results and so are more susceptible to unethical practice. Furthermore, research shows that the general public find sales people the most untrustworthy function of a business and describe them as having low ethical standards. Corporate bodies have responded to this by implementing a set code of ethics and policies which each employee, either at top or bottom level hierarchy must abide by. For example the pharmaceutical industry has undergone much scrutiny, in regards to questionable promotional tactics such as lavish gifts in order to have their medicines prescribed over competitors. Recognizing these concerns, the industry trade association created a set of industry guidelines for sales people in order to regulate salespersons interactions with physicians. However the level of commitment to these voluntary guidelines rest with senior management and if they are put into practice. The path-goal theory examined by (Mulki, Jaramillo and Locander, 2008, 126) demonstrates that management is in fact responsible for goal setting, clarifying oaths to achieve these goals and implementing rewards systems dependent on achieving these goals. Most would agree that the face of any organization is undoubtly its sales force, so unfortunately the manner in which a sales person behaves in crucial in determining a companies reputation amongst customers and also other business. Schwepker and Good, 2009, 609) describe the results of a recent study that showed sales managers ethical attitude influence hiring and training decisions which in turn impacts each sales person’s ethical behavior. In the twenty-first century business are expanding globally, and so the ‘black and white’ of decision making is becoming increasingly complex, especial ly for employees in the lower levels of management, across different cultures. Literature suggests that overall, on a national level employees with lower incomes are directly related to high corruption, or, as a person progresses higher in the organizational hierarchy, money assumes lesser importance (M. Sui and Lam, 2009). This is a significant factor for top management to consider, as they enforce the actions and procedures of the firm and ultimately decide whether each employee, whether top tier or bottom tier, in any culture will perform in an ethical manner. writing services agreement Therefore it is even more imperative for lower level management to strictly enforce the expectations of their employees and possibly even have ‘extra’ supervision in those areas where the norm or social expectations are significantly different. From the above points it is therefore important to examine an ‘ethical climate’. This term is defined as ‘those aspects of work climate that determine what constitutes ethical behavior at work’. Mulki, Jaramillo and Locander, 2008) states that individual employees use their own values and personal beliefs as a reference in making ethical decisions, but frame these against the guidelines received by co-workers and managers. Unlike individual factors, the decision making process is greatly influenced by organizational factors. Strict guides should be put in place in reference to conflict, training, supervision, rewards and punishment in order to successfully implement organizational policies and procedures. Studies also show that sales managers be consistent in implementing their own standards with that of the industry so there is no variance amongst employees from other competitive businesses (Mulki, Jaramillo and Locander, 2008,). Competitive sales environments, increasing customer demands, high pressure to hit sales targets may be the cause of unethical performance in the business. Thus, management can use appropriate pressures and standards to ensure ethical policies are complied with or individuals will be prompted to behave unethically. Furthermore, findings from (M. Sui and Lam, 2009, 167) report that managers have political power to somewhat shape the organisations culture and behavior of subornates. In saying so, when managers demonstrate a stronger belief in integrity their employees feel a higher sense of job satisfaction and are hence more committed to not only their job, but the values and beliefs of the organization. The findings state that hiring and training ‘morally upstanding’ employees, managers gain a greater importance and employees are encouraged to work harder for the business. We can thus summarize that training employees to behave ethically not only is regulatory in most business, but is also highly profitable for both company and employee. As a salesperson, your professional reputation is the most important asset you possess, much like an organization. Individuals do have their own inputs into each action, however if management themselves follow a well structured set of ethical policies and procedures, employees will follow in the same ethical manner. Ethical performance in sales is therefore achievable, if implemented and carried out by corporate bodies. As Boe (2009, 16) states, the importance of impeccable business ethics and professional character are key considerations when selecting a sales person. The most sought after traits include integrity, trustworthiness, competency and reliability. It can be argued that all these priceless character traits also apply to the identity of an organization. Thus, in order for a company to build and maintain strong customer relationships, it is imperative that management themselves set the standards for behaving in an ethical manner in order for the whole company to be successful. References Schwepker Jr,Charles H and David J. Good. 2009. â€Å" Moral Judgement and its Impacts on Business-to-Business Sales Performance and Customer Relationships. † Journal of Business Ethics 98: 609-625. http://proquest. umi. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/pqdweb? index=0did=2275299331SrchMode=1sid=1Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1301305986clientId=22212 Schwepker and Good, 2009 Mulki, Jay P, Jorge Fernando Jaramillo and William B. Locander. 2008. â€Å"Critical Role of Leadership on Ethical Climate and Salesperson Behaviors. † Journal of Business Ethics 86: 125-141. ttp://proquest. umi. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/pqdweb? index=55did=1675577171SrchMode=1sid=2Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1301292572clientId=22212 Mulki, Jaramillo and Locander, 2008 M. Siu, Noel Y and Kit-Chun Joanna Lam. 2009. â€Å"A Comparative Study of Ethical Perceptions of Managers and Non-Managers. † Journal of Business Ethics 88: 167-183. http://proquest. umi. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/pqdweb? index=57did=1711327301SrchMode=1sid=2Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1301293094clientId=22212 M. Sui and Lam, 2009 Boe, John. 2009. â€Å" The Ripple Effect. † Burlington 54 (6): 15-17. http://proquest. umi. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/pqdweb? index=8did=1730425281SrchMode=3sid=2Fmt=3VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1301306952clientId=22212aid=1 Boe 2009 Dubinsky, Alan J, Rajan Nataraajan and Wen-Yeh Huang. 2004. â€Å"The Influence of Moral Philosophy on Retail Salespeoples Ethical Perceptions. † The Journal of Consumer Salespeople’s Ethical Perceptions 38 (2): 297-320.

Police B Essays - Criminology, Misconduct, Police Misconduct

summer night in 1995 in New York City, teenager Rance Scully and three of his friends were walking home from a party when they noticed a police car following them. The four teenagers were doing nothing wrong, so Scully convinced his friends that they should turn around and go talk with the officers. When they headed for the patrol car, the officers suddenly blinded them with a police light and ordered them to stop and spread their legs. Three cops jumped out of the car with guns drawn and surrounded the frightened teens. After aggressively interrogating and searching Scully and his friends, the police released them. In New York City, police arrested two teenage boys and a young woman who repeatedly raped and tortured a thirteenyear- old girl, and then hung her up in a closet; fortunately, the girl escaped. A five-year-old in Chicago was not so lucky. Two boys?one twelve, the other thirteen?were arrested and convicted of dropping him out of a fourteenth-story window, killing him. Teens and young adults are increasingly involved in encounters with police. The frightening ordeal experienced by Scully and his friends can cause many young people to fear law enforcement, yet police contend that they need to monitor teens more closely due to the brutal nature of some crimes committed by teens. Teen-police conflicts are escalating as teen crime rates rise. According to the Heritage Foundation, teenagers are responsible for most of the violent crimes in the United States. In response to the high incidence of teen crime, police often increase their presence where crime occurs. For example, New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani ordered the New York City Police Department to control security at the city?s schools after several shootings by teens occurred on school grounds. Another example of stronger police presence can be seen in the creation of gang-control units that patrol the streets on a regular basis. Since up to 90 percent of gang members are juveniles, run-ins between police in gang-control units and teens are increasingly common. Many teenagers argue, however, that they are being unfairly harassed and brutalized by law enforcement just because some teens commit violent crimes. Alex Stephen, sixteen, of New York City, said her cousin was beaten by police officers in 1989. Nagib Nabi, seventeen, claims that New York City police stopped and frisked him even though he had not done anything wrong. ?They tried to intimidate me by calling me ?sp-c? and other insulting names,? he contends. ?And they threw me on the wall, and as I turned around they hit me with the baton on the back of my head.? Gia Minetta, another teen from New York City, claims that during a police sweep, officers ?grabbed my arm, twisted it behind me . . . and threw me up against the police van.? According to Minetta, she and her friends had done nothing to provoke the brutal treatment by police. Statistics show that police are focusing more on teens and juvenile crime. Kim Nauer, a writer for City Limits, reports that in New York City juvenile arrests jumped almost 30 percent in the first year under Mayor Giuliani. In 1984, she claims, ?police arrested 98,413 children and teenagers on everything from loitering to murder.? Almost half of those arrests were for ?non-fingerprintable offenses,? meaning minor crimes like public drinking or disorderly conduct. Community activists who want to protect teens from police harassment protest the extent of those arrests. Joyce Hall, executive director of the Greater Brownsville Youth Council in New York City, claims that the arrests create a ?cycle? in which teens who feel that they are treated disrespectfully by police ?lash back, getting themselves into even deeper trouble with the law.? But police see the teen crime situation very differently. More than one-third of all murders are committed by offenders under the age of twenty-one, guns are used in juvenile crimes at almost twice the rate they were in 1984, and teen drug and alcohol use?factors that contribute to juvenile crime?are on the rise. In 1995, nearly 11 percent of juveniles admitted to using illicit drugs; in the period between 1995 and 1996, 31 percent of twelfth-graders admitted to consuming alcohol to get drunk.